Forage cowpea cultivar CL 367 exhibited significantly (p = 0.05) higher biological, pod, grain and crude protein yield than cultivar Cowpea 88. Neutral detergent fiber

(NDF), hemicellulose and organic matter content of grain were also higher in cultivar CL 367. Phosphorus (P), potassium (K), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) content were significantly better in Cowpea 88 cultivar. Foliar application of different bio-regulators increased the grain yield of cowpea by 12.9-32.7%. The highest grain and crude protein yield was recorded in foliar application of 50 mu g mL(-1) salicylic acid treatment. Grains VX-809 supplier produced under 50 mu g mL(-1) salicylic acid treatment had better quality in terms of more N, P, K, Zn, Cu, Fe, crude protein and organic

matter content than the control. Also significant reduction in ether extract, NDF, hemicellulose and ash content of grain were recorded with foliar application of 50 mu g mL(-1) salicylic acid. Foliar application of KNO3 and CaCl2 also improved the yield and nutritional quality of the grain. The increased seed yield and quality of cowpea with bio-regulators certainly will improve the livestock health and milk production thereby improving the income of the farmers in South-East Asia and other tropical countries. (C) 2014 Friends Science Publishers”
“Objectives: Staurosporine mw This study aimed to compare two different tooth replacement strategies for partially dentate older patients; namely functionally orientated treatment according to the principles of the shortened dental arch (SDA) and conventional treatment using removable partial dentures (RPDs) using a randomised controlled clinical trial. The primary outcome measure for this study was impact on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) measured using the short form of the oral health impact profile (OHIP-14). Methods: Patients aged 65 years and older were randomly allocated to two different treatment groups: the RPD group and the SDA group. For the RPD

group each patient was restored to complete arches with cobalt-chromium RPDs used to replace missing teeth. For the SDA group, patients were restored to a premolar occlusion of 10 occluding pairs of natural and replacement teeth using resin bonded bridgework (RBB). OHRQoL was measured using the OHIP-14 questionnaire administered at baseline, 1 month, 6 months and VX-809 cell line 12 months after treatment intervention. Results: In total, 89 patients completed the RCT: 44 from the RPD group and 45 from the SDA group. Analysis using a mixed model of covariance (ANCOVA) illustrated that treatment according to the SDA concept resulted in significantly better mean OHIP-14 scores compared with RPD treatment (p smaller than 0.05). This result was replicated in both treatment centres used in the study. Conclusions: In terms of impact on OHRQoL, treatment based on the SDA concept achieved significantly better results than that based on RPDs 12 months after treatment intervention.

The testosterone level in eggs from experimental females was positively related to the laying order,

whereas control eggs did not show any trend. Our results provided mixed support for the DAH, but nevertheless Selleck GNS-1480 revealed that female red-legged partridges may adjust their breeding investment according to male carotenoid-based ornamentation.”
“Identifying patients in a Target Customer Segment (TCS) is important to determine the demand for, and to appropriately allocate resources for, health care services. The purpose of this study is to propose a two-stage clustering-classification model through (1) initially integrating the RFM attribute and K-means algorithm for clustering the TCS patients and (2) then integrating the global discretization method and the rough set theory for classifying hospitalized departments and optimizing health care services. To assess the performance of the proposed model, a dataset was used from a representative hospital (termed Hospital-A) that was extracted from a database from an empirical study in Taiwan comprised of 183,947 samples that were characterized by 44 attributes during 2008.

The proposed model was compared with three techniques, Decision Tree, Naive Bayes, and Multilayer Perceptron, and the empirical results showed significant promise of its accuracy. The generated knowledge-based rules provide useful information to maximize resource utilization and support 3-deazaneplanocin A cell line the development of a strategy for decision-making in hospitals. From the findings, 75 patients in the TCS, three hospital departments, and specific diagnostic Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Library molecular weight items were discovered in the data for Hospital-A. A potential determinant for gender differences was found, and the

age attribute was not significant to the hospital departments. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are a growing family of peptides that have opened a new avenue in drug delivery, allowing various hydrophilic macromolecules to enter cells. In accordance with most other cationic delivery vectors, CPPs seem to rely mostly on endocytosis for internalization. However, due to conflicting results the exact endocytic pathways for CPP uptake have not yet been resolved. Here, we evaluated the ability of seven CPPs, with different chemical properties, to convey peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) inside cells. Assays based on both splice correction, generating biologically active read-out, and on traditional fluorescence measurements were utilized. The same assays were employed to assess different endocytic pathways and the dependence on extracellular heparan sulfates for internalization. Both highly cationic CPPs (M918, penetratin, and Tat) and amphipathic peptides (transportan, TP10, MAP, and pVEC) were investigated in this study. Conjugate uptake relied on endocytosis for all seven peptides but splice-correcting activity varied greatly for the investigated CPPs.

In order to deal with this challenge in planning and control of logistics activities, several solutions have been introduced. One of the most latest one

is the application of autonomy. The paradigm of autonomy in inbound logistics, can be reflected in decisions for real-time scheduling and control of material flows. Integration of autonomous control with material carrier objects can realize the expected advantages of this alternative into shop-floors. Since pallets CHIR98014 manufacturer (bins, fixtures, etc.) are some common used carrier objects in logistics, they have the potential to undertake the responsibility of real-time jobs dispatching to machines in the shop-floor scheduling problem. Hence, the current paper covers the problem of real-time scheduling in a stochastic and complex shop-floor environment, by means of autonomy. Indeed, the sustainment’s advantage of pallets in manufacturing systems has inspired the idea of developing learning pallets (Lpallets) with the capability of autonomous Elafibranor control in complex and uncertain

logistics environment with abrupt changes. Among some intelligent techniques, the artificial neural network (ANN) and, specially, the radial basis function network (RBFN) is selected to transmit the abilities of intelligent decision-making as well as learning to Lpallets in a distributed manner. Some variants in training and RBFN application alternatives are considered to evaluate the competency of RBFN for Lpallets. An Lpallet makes its dispatching and control decision based on its own experience and intelligence about the entire system and local situations in an

exemplary hybrid flow-open shop problem. To prove the claimed application of RBFN in autonomous Lpallets a discrete-event EPZ5676 purchase simulation model is developed for the assembly scenario. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Although the injury risks of boxing is well known, this sport continuous to attract athletes and an increase of introduction to boxing is observed in the last decade. In terms of injury locations, head and face are reported as most common sports. Present study aimed to examine the hearing differences of elite amateur boxers as a result of punch strokes in boxing.\n\nSubjects are interested in active boxing for 5-14 years (mean 6.67) and between the age of 18-32 (mean 21.71). Screened group consisted of 21 male boxers. Auditory brainstem responses, pure tone and high frequency audiogram tests were conducted for boxers and unscreened groups in the standard acoustically controlled rooms using Interacoustics Clinical Computer Audiometer.\n\nMean +/- standard deviations are reported. Groups were compared by Student’s t test p<0.05. Auditory brainstem responses and pure tone values were determined in range of I-V inter-pick latency (ms).

Collectively, this study demonstrates that although consumption of a 10% FS diet enhanced the levels of n-3 PUFAs, short-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, and lignans in mice, it exacerbated DSS-induced colonic injury and inflammation.”
“A T-to-G germline single nucleotide polymorphism

in the promoter region of MDM2 (SNP309) has been reported to markedly accelerate tumor formation in humans suggesting that it may represent a powerful cancer predisposing allele. Since its first description in 2004, a large number of retrospective Selleck FK866 analyses involving a wide variety of human malignancies have been reported, showing conflicting results regarding the impact of Mdm2(SNP309) status on cancer risk and response to cancer therapy. Here, we appraise the available information on the effect of Mdm2(SNP309) in lymphoma and leukemia and discuss the factors that likely account for the conflicting results observed in the studies reported to date.”
“A new species, Cyrtodactylus durio sp. nov., is described from northwestern Peninsular Malaysia on the basis of its head, body, limbs, and tail being extremely spinose as well as other unique combinations of squamation and color pattern. It is proposed that C. durio sp. nov. forms a clade with C. brevipalmatus, C. elok, C. spinosus, and C. stresemanni on the basis of having a spiny, prehensile tail

and that it is the sister species of C. stresemanni find more based on unique caudal tuberculation. Cytrodactylus durio sp. nov. is the latest in a Ispinesib growing list of new species of amphibians and reptiles recently described from the Malay Peninsula, and Peninsular Malaysia in particular,

that clearly underscores the need for continuing exploratory research in these regions.”
“Long-term endotoxin challenge may promote frequent complications in dialysis patients, namely malnutrition, chronic inflammation, and atherosclerosis, which are recognized as the so-called MIA syndrome. Circulating soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) levels may be used to determine the stage of atherosclerosis. This study aimed to assess endotoxin level in hemodialysis (HD) patients and its role in inducing inflammation. The study was conducted on 50 HD patients, chosen from four dialysis centers in Alexandria. Serum blood samples were collected for the determination of albumin and C-reactive protein (CRP), and whole blood samples were used for the measurement of hemoglobin level. A heparinized whole blood sample was taken postdialysis for endotoxin assay by limulus amebocyte lysate test, and in addition to sVCAM-1 was estimated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The mean endotoxin level was 76.30pg/mL;80% exhibited values higher than 60pg/mL. Half the studied patients had CRP values that exceeded the upper limit of the laboratory reference range (<6.0mg/L). A statistically significant correlation was found between endotoxin and CRP levels (r=0.47, P=0.001). The mean pre-HD level of VCAM was 1851.

TV-ChE seems to be associated Selleckchem Panobinostat with a lesser need for analgesics and faster reconvalescence of patients. However, substantial doubts about the transvaginal access and possibly associated complaints and complications of the procedure have been raised. Patient/Material and Methods: In this prospective case-control study 30 female patients undergoing transvaginal cholecystectomy (TV-ChE group) have been compared with 30 women undergoing conventional laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LAP-ChE group). Female

patients were evaluated with special regard to health-related quality of life, outcome data such as surgical complications and gynaecological complaints and changes in sexual behaviour after surgery. Additional attentionwas

given to the extent of postoperative pain, the analgesic consumption CYT387 and the rate of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). Results: The demographic data of both groups were comparable to a great extent. Compared to the LAP-ChE group women of the TV-ChE group reported less postoperative pain, less PONV and a lower analgesic consumption (p smaller than 0.001). There were no serious complications in the LAP-ChE group and also none in the TV-ChE group. In comparison with the preoperative status, the results regarding health-related quality of life and feeling of well-being were significantly better for both groups after a follow-up of 12 months (p smaller than 0.01).

However, this effect was especially pronounced in the TV-ChE group (p smaller than 0.05). No infections of the surgical wound, wound healing YH25448 datasheet problems or other complications were seen in the gynaecological follow-up examination 3 weeks after the TV-ChE.Two women reported slight and temporary colpotomy-related complaints without any consequences for their sexual behaviour. Conclusions: The transvaginal cholecystectomy is a safe and less invasive surgical technique providing for an excellent patient comfort and a fast reconvalescence. TV-ChE has a positive long-term effect on health-related quality of life. Doubts about transvaginal approach of this surgical technique with regard to an increased risk of infection or late gynaecological complications appear to be unfounded.”
“Background: Ichthyosis Follicularis, Atrichia and Photophobia (IFAP) syndrome is a rare genodermatosis due to mutations of the MBTPS2 gene. To date fewer than 40 cases have been described in the literature. Objectives. To present the first case of IFAP diagnosed in Poland due to a novel mutation of MBTPS2, and to review the relevant literature on this rare genodermatosis. Materials & Methods: A 16-year-old male presented with typical clinical features of IFAP, along with psoriasiform skin plaques, nail dystrophy, facial dysmorphy, mental retardation, severe skeletal abnormalities and chorea-like movements.

V. All rights reserved.”
“Here we demonstrate that elimination Selleck ZVADFMK of ClaI restriction site from the sequence of a plasmid DNA increases the efficiency of transformation of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 significantly. To achieve reliable transformation of S. oneidensis MR-1 plasmids either lacking ClaI site or isolated from primary transformants of S. oneidensis should be used. (C) 2014 Published by Elsevier B.V.”
“Three new nor-clerodane diterpenoids,

crotoeurins A-C (1-3), together with four known ones were isolated from the twigs and leaves of Croton euryphyllus. Among them, crotoeurin A (1) is a new nor-clerodane diterpenoid dimer with a unique cyclobutane ring via a [2+2] cycloaddition. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses and the stereochemistry of 1 was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.

Compounds 1-3 exhibited neurite outgrowth-promoting activity on NGF-mediated PC12 cells at concentration of 10 mu M. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All Ulixertinib MAPK inhibitor rights reserved.”
“In terms of managing sarcopenia, many studies have shown that physical activity (in particular resistance exercise) and specific nutrition interventions such as protein and amino acids supplementation can improve muscle mass and strength in older adults. Moreover, several drugs have been suggested to have an impact on muscle outcomes, with various levels of scientific evidence. In the present paper we have reviewed the evidence regarding the effect of some new metabolic

agents (vitamin D, leucine, beta-hydroxy beta- methylbutyrate, citrulline malate, ornithine, isoflavones) on sarcopenia and muscular outcomes in older adults. For each metabolic agent, we have also discussed the biological plausibility of the described effect.”
“Background/Aims: TGF-beta has dual functions as a tumor promoter or a tumor suppressor. Recent studies suggest the roles of TGF-beta might change from a tumor suppressor to a tumor promoter, when lacking SMAD4 expression in CRC (colorectal cancer). However, the precise role of TGF-beta as tumor promoter in CRC is still unclear. find more Methodology: We evaluated the role of TGF-beta in SMAD4-null CRC SW620 cells. In vitro, we measured cell growth and cell cycle distribution by flow cytometry. In vivo, we implanted SW620 cells into mice and measured tumor weight after TGF-beta treatment. We also determined cell proliferation ability in tumor by immunohistochemistry of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Results: Cell growth and DNA synthesis in S phase was remarkably enhanced by TGF-beta in vitro. Besides, TGF-beta-activated ERK1/2 MAPK signal was also observed. In vivo, TGF-beta enhanced tumor growth and cell proliferation in tumor. Conclusions: TGF-beta serves as a tumor promoter, which promotes CRC cell growth in vitro and in vivo. These suggest that TGF-beta might be developed as an effective therapeutic target for CRC patients.

In series A, this modification was not tolerated since it reduced AR affinity, while in series B it shifted the binding towards the hA(1) subtype. To rationalize the observed structure-affinity relationships, molecular docking studies at A(2A)AR-based homology models of the A(1) and A(3) ARs and at the A(2A)AR crystal structure were carried out. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“A recent study showed that both 5-fluorouracil (5FU)-stimulated apoptosis and Fas-mediated apoptosis in human endometrial adenocarcinoma

cells are enhanced by targeted knockdown of endogenous death-associated protein kinase (DAPK) with DAPK small-interfering buy PND-1186 RNAs. Therefore, we investigated the DAPK survival signals in three 5FU-resistant subclones. DAPK knockdown did not enhance 5FU-stimulated or Fas-mediated apoptosis in any of the three 5FU-resistant subclones, but the subclones acquired resistance to VP16-stimulated cell death that was DAPK-independent. Semiquantitative flow cytometric analyses showed that there was no differential

expression in nine cell surface antigens, including Fas, and six intracellular molecules, www.selleckchem.com/products/PD-173074.html including DAPK, that may regulate cell death or survival between the parent cells and 5FU-resistant cells. DAPK mRNA and protein were expressed in the 5FU-resistant subclones at similar levels to the parent cells. These results indicate that acquisition of 5FU-resistance may be accompanied by impairment of common apoptotic signals regulating both DAPK-dependent and DAPK-independent pathways.”
“Preoperative elevation of markers of systemic inflammation is associated with a poor outcome in several cancers. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of preoperative systemic inflammatory markers in patients with non-metastatic upper urinary tract cancer (UUTC).\n\nThe records of 84 patients with non-metastatic UUTC who had undergone nephroureterectomy were reviewed, and the associations between preoperative clinical variables and recurrence-free survival (RFS)

were analyzed by univariate and multivariate analyses.\n\nClinical tumor P005091 nmr stage, neutrophil count, and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio were significantly associated with RFS in univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis showed that clinical T stage (hazard ratio [HR], 3.009; 95 % confidence interval [CI], 1.149-9.321; p = 0.024) and neutrophil count (HR, 3.521; 95 % CI, 1.423-9.108; p = 0.007) were independent predictors of RFS. The 3-year RFS in patients with a neutrophil count < 4,000/mu L was significantly higher than that in patients with a neutrophil count a parts per thousand yen4,000/mu L (82.9 vs. 51.0 %, p = 0.004). Based on clinical T stage (T2 or less vs. T3 or greater) and neutrophil count (< 4,000 vs. a parts per thousand yen4,000/mu L), patients were stratified into 3 groups: low, intermediate, and high risk groups.

The protection correlated to the cell-mediated immunity and not to the antibody response. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The objective of this investigation was to evaluate whether intravaginal infusion of a lactic acid bacteria (LAB) cocktail around parturition could

influence the immune response, incidence rate of uterine infections, and the overall health status of periparturient dairy cows. One hundred pregnant Holstein dairy cows were assigned to 1 of the 3 experimental groups as follows: 1) one dose of LAB on wk -2 and -1, and one dose of carrier (sterile skim milk) on wk +1 relative to the expected day of parturition (TRT1); 2) one dose of LAB on wk -2, -1, and +1 (TRT2), and 3) one dose of carrier on wk -2, -1, and +1 (CTR). The LAB were a lyophilized culture mixture composed of Lactobacillus sakei FUA3089, Pediococcus acidilactici FUA3138, and Pediococcus acidilactici GM6001 FUA3140 with a cell count of 108-109 cfu/dose. Blood samples and vaginal mucus were collected once a week from wk -2 to +3 and analyzed for content of serum total immunoglobulin G (IgG),

lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin (Hp), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-1, GS-7977 nmr IL-6, and vaginal mucus secretory IgA (sIgA). Clinical observations including rectal temperature, vaginal discharges, retained placenta, displaced abomasum, and laminitis were monitored from wk -2 to +8 relative to calving. Results showed that intravaginal LAB lowered the incidence of metritis and total uterine infections. Intravaginal LAB also were associated with lower concentrations of systemic LBP, an overall tendency for lower SAA, and greater vaginal mucus sIgA. No differences were observed for serum concentrations of Hp, TNF, IL-1, IL-6 and total IgG among the treatment groups. Administration with LAB had no effect on the incidence rates of other transition cow diseases. Overall intravaginal LAB lowered uterine infections and improved local and systemic immune responses www.selleckchem.com/screening/apoptosis-library.html in the treated transition dairy

cows.”
“The aim of this systematic review was to determine whether botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) reduce spasticity or improve function in adult patients after stroke. Eleven double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trials met inclusion criteria. They encompassed 782 patients, 767 (98%) of whom received BoNT/A, and 15 (2%) BoNT/B. Most studies used the Ashworth scale as primary outcome measure. Differences between treated and control groups were assessed as categorical or continuous comparisons. The overall effect on upper limb spasticity was in favor of BoNT/A. A significantly higher number of patients had a reduction of tipper limb spasticity at 4-week and 8-week evaluations in the treatment group compared with placebo. Mean changes in joint spasticity revealed improvement 3 to 6 weeks and 9 to 12 weeks after treatment.

In contrast, universities interested in student learning may want to abandon SETs as a primary measure of faculty teaching effectiveness. Fourth, undergraduate students who are not interested in taking quantitative courses are unlikely to pursue graduate studies in quantitative psychology and unlikely to be able to competently analyze data independently.”
“Objective: To evaluate the association of interleukin-18 (IL-18) promoter single-nucleotide polymorphisms rs1946519 (-656C/A), rs187238 (-137G/C), rs360718 (-119A/C), and rs360717

(-105G/A) and changes in IL-18 serum levels with recurrent spontaneous miscarriage (RSM).\n\nDesign: Case-control study.\n\nSetting: Outpatient obstetrics and gynecology clinics.\n\nPatient(s): CYT387 cost Women with confirmed RSM (n = 282), and 283 age-and ethnically matched controls.\n\nIntervention(s): None.\n\nMain Outcome Measure(s): IL-18 genotyping was accomplished by allelic discrimination assays; serum IL-18 levels were measured by ELISA.\n\nResult(s): The minor allele frequencies of rs360717 and rs1946519, but not rs360718 or rs187238, were higher in patients with RSM. Significant differences in the distribution of the rs360717 and rs1946519 genotypes were noted between patients PLX3397 and controls, and both rs360717 and rs1946519 IL-18 single-nucleotide polymorphisms showed

significant association with RSM under additive, dominant, and recessive models. Lower serum IL-18 levels were seen between patients and controls

and were more pronounced in rs360717 and rs1946519 heterozygous and homozygous genotypes. Four-locus (rs1946519/rs187238/rs360718/rs360717) IL-18 haplotype analysis identified that the AGAA (Pc<.001), CGAA (Pc<.001), and ACAG (Pc=.018) haplotypes were associated with a reduction in IL-18 secretion and with increased RSM risk, after adjustments for body mass index, menarche, and gravida.\n\nConclusion(s): These results demonstrated that reduced IL-18 levels and rs360717 and rs1946519 IL-18 variants are significantly associated with RSM. (Fertil Steril (R) 2011; 96: 921-6. (C)2011 by American Society for Reproductive Medicine.)”
“Background In Ireland, Epigenetics inhibitor specialist paediatric surgery is carried out in paediatric hospitals in Dublin. General surgeons/ consultants in other surgical specialities provide paediatric surgical care in regional centres. There has been a failure to train general surgeons with paediatric skills to replace these surgeons upon retirement.\n\nAim To assess paediatric surgical workload in one regional centre to focus the debate regarding the future provision of general paediatric surgery in Ireland.\n\nMethods Hospital in-patient enquiry (HIPE) system was used to identify total number of paediatric surgical admissions and procedures. Cases assessed requiring hospital transfer.\n\nResults Of 17,478 surgical patients treated, 2,584 (14.8%) were under 14 years. A total of 2,154 procedures were performed.

The most common V3 motif was GPGR, followed by GWGR in clade B samples and GPGQ in clade F samples. A predicted X4 phenotype was observed in 27%, without correlation to HIV clade. These findings expand the limited information on molecular characteristics

of HIV-1 among children living with HIV/AIDS in the area and may provide Mocetinostat concentration information useful for monitoring the epidemic.”
“Purpose: In this article, retinal-image quality and contrast sensitivity were measured in 25 patients with age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) and 15 patients with normal retinal health.\n\nMaterials and Method: Retinal-image quality was evaluated with an objective device based on the double-pass technique, and for visual performance we measured the contrast-sensitivity function.\n\nResults: The results from double-pass device revealed the Strehl ratio to be significantly (p < 0.0001) lower for the ARMD group with a 54.3% reduction for 3 mm pupil size and a 46.9% reduction for 4 mm. Contrast-sensitivity function for ARMD subjects was also significantly lower than for the control group (p < 0.05) with a 38.6% reduction.\n\nConclusions: Patients affected with ARMD ACY-738 molecular weight showed poorer retinal-image quality and visual performance than normal subjects. The use of objective devices based on the double-pass technique

could be useful for the accurate description of the retinal-image quality of ARMD eyes, in which retinal scattering is significantly increased.”
“Introduction: This study was performed selleck chemicals to determine the incidence rates of resistance factors, i.e., high-level hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) expression, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) T790M secondary mutation, and MET amplification, in tumors with intrinsic and acquired EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) resistance in EGFR mutant lung cancer.\n\nMethods: Ninety-seven specimens from 93 EGFR mutant lung cancer patients (23 tumors with acquired resistance from 20 patients, 45

tumors with intrinsic resistance from 44 patients [nonresponders], 29 sensitive tumors from 29 patients) from 11 institutes in Japan were analyzed. HGF expression, EGFR T790M secondary mutation, and MET amplification were determined by immunohistochemistry, cycleave real-time polymerase chain reaction, and fluorescence in situ hybridization, respectively.\n\nResults: High-level HGF expression, EGFR T790M secondary mutation, and MET amplification were detected in 61, 52, and 9% of tumors with acquired resistance, respectively. High-level HGF expression was detected in 29% of tumors with intrinsic resistance (nonresponders), whereas EGFR T790M secondary mutation and MET amplification were detected in 0 and 4%, respectively. HGF expression was significantly higher in tumors with acquired resistance than in sensitive tumors (p < 0.001, Student’s t test).